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These universities

  • 1 входить в число

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    Native gold and platinum are among the minerals extensively extracted from such deposits.

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    These universities rank among the best in the world.

    * * *
    Входить в число -- to include; to be among
     These data indicate that oxygen supply should be among the most reliable parts of a synfuel facility.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > входить в число

  • 2 входить в число

    •

    Native gold and platinum are among the minerals extensively extracted from such deposits.

    •

    These universities rank among the best in the world.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > входить в число

  • 3 обмениваться

    несов; сов - обменя́ться
    trade; exchange

    я хочу́ обме́ня́ться с ва́ми ма́рками — I want to trade stamps with you

    э́ти университе́ты регуля́рно обме́ниваются студе́нтами — these universities regularly exchange students

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > обмениваться

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 apretar

    v.
    1 to press (oprimir) (botón, tecla).
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    La enfermera apretó la herida The nurse pressed the wound.
    La niña aprieta los dientes al dormir The girl grits her teeth when sleeping.
    3 to squeeze.
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    María apretó la mostaza Mary squeezed the mustard.
    4 to press.
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    5 to get worse, to intensify (calor, lluvia).
    6 to tighten.
    El mecánico aprieta duramente el tornillo The mechanic tightens the screw.
    7 to pinch.
    Me aprietan los zapatos My shoes pinch.
    Ricardo apretó su nariz Richard pinched her nose.
    8 to be too tight.
    Esta faja aprieta This belt is too tight.
    9 to press down, to push down.
    Ricardo apretó el botón para iniciar Richard pressed down the button to start.
    10 to be too tight for.
    Me aprieta la ropa My clothes are too tight for me.
    11 to be most intense, to be more intense.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 (estrechar) to squeeze, hug
    2 (tornillo) to tighten; (cordones, nudo) to do up tight
    3 (comprimir) to compress, press together, pack tight
    4 (activar) to press, push
    5 figurado (acosar) to keep on at; (presionar) to put pressure on, pressurize
    1 figurado (aumentar) to increase, get worse
    2 (prendas) to fit tight, be tight on
    3 (esforzarse) to work hard
    ■ tendrás que apretar en tus estudios you'll have to study a lot harder, you'll have to pull your socks up
    1 (apiñar) to narrow, tighten
    2 (agolparse) to crowd together; (acercarse) to squeeze up
    \
    apretar a correr to start running
    apretar el paso to quicken one's pace
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand
    apretar el gatillo to pull the trigger
    * * *
    verb
    4) pinch, be too tight
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ tapa, tornillo, nudo] to tighten
    2) (=pulsar) [+ interruptor, pedal, tecla] to press; [+ gatillo] to squeeze, pull

    apretar el acelerador — to put one's foot down (on the accelerator), depress the accelerator frm

    3) (=apretujar)
    a) [+ objeto] to squeeze, grip; [para que no caiga] to clutch

    apretó bien los papeles en la cartera — he packed o squeezed the papers into the briefcase

    • apretar los dientes — to grit one's teeth, clench one's teeth

    • apretar la mano a algn — to shake sb's hand

    • apretar el puño — to clench one's fist

    b) [+ persona] [contra pared, suelo] to pin, press; [con los brazos] to clasp, clutch

    me apretaba con todo su cuerpo contra la pared — he pinned o pressed me against the wall with his whole body

    la apretó con fuerza entre sus brazos — he clasped o clutched her tightly in his arms

    4) (=presionar)

    • apretar a algn — to put pressure on sb

    nos aprieta mucho para que estudiemos — he puts a lot of pressure on us to study, he pushes us to study hard

    5)

    • apretar el paso — to quicken one's pace

    6)
    7) (Mil) [+ asedio] to step up, intensify; [+ bloqueo] to tighten
    2. VI
    1) (=oprimir) [zapatos] to be too tight, pinch one's feet; [ropa] to be too tight

    estos zapatos aprietan — these shoes are too tight, these shoes pinch my feet

    zapato
    2) (=aumentar) [dolor, frío] to get worse; [viento] to intensify

    cuando el frío aprieta — when the cold gets worse, when it gets really cold

    3) (=presionar) to put on the pressure, pile on the pressure *

    si le aprietan un poco más, confesará — if they put a bit more pressure on him, he'll confess

    • apretar con el enemigo — to close with the enemy

    Dios 3)
    4) (=esforzarse)

    si apretáis un poco al final, aprobaréis — if you make an extra effort at the end, you'll pass

    5)

    • apretar a hacer algo, si aprieta a llover — if it starts to rain heavily

    6)

    ¡aprieta! — nonsense!, good grief!

    7) Chile (=irse con prisa)

    apretemos que viene la profesora — let's run for it, the teacher's coming

    8) ** [al defecar] to push
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.
    Ex. Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.
    Ex. Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex. Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex. This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex. This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex. To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex. A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex. The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    ----
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < botón> to press, push; < acelerador> to put one's foot on, press; < gatillo> to pull, squeeze
    b) <nudo/venda/tornillo> to tighten
    c)

    apretar el paso or la marcha — to quicken one's pace o step

    2)
    a) ( apretujar)

    apretó al niño contra su pecho — he clasped o clutched the child to his breast

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza — he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    b) ( presionar) to put pressure on
    2.
    1) ropa/zapatos (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    2) ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)

    cuando el hambre aprieta... — when people are in the grip of hunger...

    4)
    a) ( esforzarse) to make an effort
    b) profesor/jefe to be demanding

    apretar a correr — (fam) to break into a run

    3.
    apretarse v pron to squeeze o squash together
    * * *
    = squeeze, nip, tighten, screw, tighten + Posesivo + grip on, press, clenching, cramp.

    Ex: Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.

    Ex: Rotary presses are like wringers the printing paper being nipped between two cylinders.
    Ex: Self-effacing nervousness causes the epiglottis to tighten, strangling the words in the throat and stiffening the diaphragm so that it is like pulled-out elastic unable to propel anything.
    Ex: This was done by laying the right number of letters on their sides in the stick, pushing the sliding bar up to them and screwing it up tight.
    Ex: This paper reports on measures being taken by the government to tighten its grip on what universities do with their money.
    Ex: To read a borrower label place the scanner on the left side of the label and move it from left to right across the bar codes, pressing lightly to keep it in direct contact with the label.
    Ex: A bite guard, also known as a stress guard, teeth guard, dental guard or night guard, is a dental appliance provided by the dentist to protect your teeth from excessive grinding or clenching.
    Ex: The goals are to reduce stress on the fingers and wrists and to keep your hands in a natural position rather than cramping them together.
    * apretar el gatillo = pull + the trigger.
    * apretar fuerte = bear down on.
    * apretarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * apretarse los machos = gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.
    * cuando el sol aprieta = during the heat of the day.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

    * * *
    apretar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹botón› to press, push; ‹acelerador› to put one's foot on, press, depress ( frml); ‹gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    2 ‹nudo/venda› to tighten; ‹tapa/tornillo› to tighten
    apretó bien la tapa he screwed the lid on tightly
    aprieta el puño clench your fist
    apreté los dientes I gritted my teeth
    3
    apretar el paso or la marcha to quicken one's pace o step
    4 ‹letra› to squeeze together ( AmE), to squeeze up ( BrE)
    apretar los puntos to knit tightly
    B
    1
    (apretujar): apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast
    llevaba el osito apretado entre sus brazos she was clutching the teddy bear in her arms
    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly
    2 (presionar) to put pressure on
    el profesor nos apretó mucho en los últimos meses in the last few months the teacher put a lot of pressure on us o pushed us really hard
    ■ apretar
    vi
    A «ropa/zapatos» (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight
    el vestido le aprieta the dress is too tight for her o is very tight on her
    la falda me aprieta en las caderas the skirt is too tight around the hips
    ¡cómo me aprietan estos zapatos! these shoes are so tight!, these shoes really pinch my feet!
    B (hacer presión) to press down ( o in etc)
    C
    (ser fuerte): a las tres de la tarde cuando el calor aprieta at three o'clock when the heat is at its most intense
    a primeras horas de la mañana el frío aprieta (Chi, Méx); in the early hours of the morning you really feel the cold
    cuando el hambre aprieta, la gente come cualquier cosa when people are in the grip of hunger they will eat anything
    D
    1 (esforzarse) to make an effort
    vas a tener que apretar en la física you're going to have to knuckle down o make more of an effort in physics
    2 «profesor/jefe» to be demanding dios
    E
    ( Chi fam) (irse): todos apretaron a la salida everyone made a dash for o ran for the door ( colloq)
    tuvimos que salir apretando we had to make a run for it ( colloq)
    apretar a correr ( fam); to break into a run, start running
    to squeeze o squash together, to squeeze o squash up ( BrE) cinturón
    * * *

     

    apretar ( conjugate apretar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ botón› to press, push;

    ‹ acelerador› to put one's foot on, press;
    ‹ gatillo› to pull, squeeze
    b) ‹nudo/tapa/tornillo› to tighten;

    ‹puño/mandíbulas› to clench;

    2
    a) ( apretujar):

    ◊ apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast;

    me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [ropa/zapatos] (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight;

    2 ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)
    apretarse verbo pronominal
    to squeeze o squash together
    apretar
    I vtr (pulsar un botón) to press
    (el cinturón, un tornillo) to tighten
    (el gatillo) to pull: me aprietan los zapatos, these shoes are too tight for me
    II verbo intransitivo el calor ha apretado en julio, it was really hot in July
    ♦ Locuciones: apretar el paso, to hasten, hurry
    apretarle las clavijas a alguien, to put the screws on someone
    donde aprieta el zapato, where the problem is
    ' apretar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustar
    - estrujar
    - aprieta
    - estrechar
    - fuerte
    - gatillo
    - oprimir
    - puño
    English:
    clench
    - grip
    - loosely
    - pack
    - pack down
    - pinch
    - press
    - pull
    - push
    - screw up
    - squeeze
    - tighten
    - wedge
    - which
    - accelerate
    - foot
    - loosen
    - screw
    - speed
    - tooth
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [oprimir] [botón, tecla] to press;
    [gatillo] to pull, to squeeze; [acelerador] to step on;
    el zapato me aprieta my shoe is pinching;
    me aprietan las botas my boots are too tight
    2. [nudo, tuerca, cinturón] to tighten;
    Fam
    apretar las clavijas o [m5] los tornillos a alguien to put the screws on sb
    3. [juntar] [dientes] to grit;
    [labios] to press together; [puño] to clench;
    tendrás que apretar la letra you'll have to squeeze your handwriting up
    4. [estrechar] to squeeze;
    [abrazar] to hug;
    no me aprietes el brazo, me estás haciendo daño stop squeezing my arm, you're hurting me;
    la apretó contra su pecho he held her to his chest;
    apretar la mano a alguien to shake sb's hand
    5. [acelerar]
    apretar el paso o [m5] la marcha to quicken one's pace;
    como no apretemos el paso, no llegaremos nunca if we don't hurry up, we'll never get there
    6. [exigir] to tighten up on;
    [presionar] to press;
    apretar la disciplina to tighten up on discipline;
    lo apretaron tanto que acabó confesando they pressed him so hard that he ended up confessing;
    no me gusta que me aprieten en el trabajo I don't like to feel pressurized in my work;
    lo están apretando para que acepte la oferta they are pressing him o putting pressure on him to accept the offer
    7. [ropa, objetos] to pack tight
    ♦ vi
    1. [calor, lluvia] to get worse, to intensify;
    salgo de casa a las dos, cuando más aprieta el calor I leave home at two o'clock, when the heat is at its worst;
    en agosto ha apretado mucho el calor it got a lot hotter in August;
    cuando la necesidad aprieta, se agudiza el ingenio people become more resourceful when they really have to
    2. [zapatos] to pinch;
    [ropa] to be too tight
    3. [esforzarse] to push oneself;
    tienes que apretar más si quieres aprobar you'll have to pull your socks up if you want to pass
    4. Fam
    apretar a correr to run off;
    el ladrón apretó a correr the thief ran off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 botón press;
    apretó contra el pecho la fotografía/el niño she held the photograph/the child close, she pressed the photograph/the child to her breast;
    apretar los puños clench one’s fists;
    apretar los dientes grit one’s teeth
    2 ( pellizcar, pinzar) squeeze
    3 tuerca tighten
    4
    :
    apretar el paso quicken one’s pace
    II v/i
    1 de ropa, zapato be too tight
    2
    :
    apretar a correr start to run, start running
    * * *
    apretar {55} vt
    1) : to press, to push (a button)
    2) : to tighten
    3) : to squeeze
    1) : to press, to push
    2) : to fit tightly, to be too tight
    los zapatos me aprietan: my shoes are tight
    * * *
    1. (botón) to press
    2. (gatillo) to pull
    3. (tornillo, cinturón, nudo) to tighten
    ¿has apretado los tornillos? have you tightened the screws?
    4. (exigir) to be strict with / to push hard
    5. (quedar estrecho ropa) to be too tight
    6. (esforzarse) to work harder
    7. (aumentar calor) to increase

    Spanish-English dictionary > apretar

  • 6 comité

    m.
    committee.
    * * *
    1 committee
    \
    comité de empresa works committee
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *

    comité de apelación — committee o board of appeal

    comité de empresa — works committee, shop stewards' committee

    comité de redacción — [gen] drafting committee; (Prensa) editorial committee

    Comité Directivo — (Dep) board (of management)

    * * *
    1) ( junta) committee
    2) (RPl) ( sede) local headquarters (sing o pl)
    * * *
    = board, caucus [caucuses, pl.], commission, committee, support group, panel.
    Ex. The librarian is also a member of the board of Education Studies and Humanities, indeed the university librarian served as Dean of the School for a period of three years.
    Ex. For example, the most recent meeting of that group endorsed the recommendation of the Black Caucus that we change BLACKS and NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS.
    Ex. Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex. Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex. The work was carried out as part of the work of a support group set up to help in various aspects of an archaeological dig.
    Ex. The books were chosen by panels of children.
    ----
    * comité ad hoc = ad hoc committee.
    * comité asesor = think tank, advisory council, advisory board, advisory committee, consultative committee.
    * comité científico = scientific committee.
    * comité conjunto = joint committee.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * comité consultivo = advisory committee, consultative committee, advisory council, advisory board.
    * comité coordinador = coordinating committee.
    * comité de asuntos económicos = finance committee.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * comité de evaluación = review panel, review board, review committee.
    * comité de expertos = professional committee.
    * Comité de las Organizaciones de Productores Agrícolas (COPA) = Committee of Agricultural Producer Organizations (COPA).
    * Comité de las Universidades Británicas sobre Películas y Vídeos (BUFVC) = British Universities Film and Video Council (BUFVC).
    * comité de ordenación académica = course committee.
    * comité de planificación = planning committee.
    * Comité de Revisión de las Reglas de Catalogación (CCRC) = Catalog Code Revision Committee (CCRC).
    * comité de selección = screening panel, search and screen committee, search committee.
    * comité de supervisión = review board.
    * comité directivo = steering committee, steering body.
    * comité ejecutivo = executive board.
    * comité especial = working party.
    * Comité Internacional del Escudo Azul (ICBS) = International Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS).
    * Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).
    * comité organizador = organising committee.
    * Comité para la Homologación (COA) = Committee on Accreditation (COA).
    * comité permanente = standing committee.
    * comité seleccionador = interviewing board, interview committee.
    * comité selecto = select committee.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * elegir un comité = appoint + committee.
    * formar parte de un comite = serve on + committee.
    * formar un comité = set up + committee.
    * miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].
    * nombrar un comité = appoint + committee.
    * * *
    1) ( junta) committee
    2) (RPl) ( sede) local headquarters (sing o pl)
    * * *
    = board, caucus [caucuses, pl.], commission, committee, support group, panel.

    Ex: The librarian is also a member of the board of Education Studies and Humanities, indeed the university librarian served as Dean of the School for a period of three years.

    Ex: For example, the most recent meeting of that group endorsed the recommendation of the Black Caucus that we change BLACKS and NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS.
    Ex: Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex: Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex: The work was carried out as part of the work of a support group set up to help in various aspects of an archaeological dig.
    Ex: The books were chosen by panels of children.
    * comité ad hoc = ad hoc committee.
    * comité asesor = think tank, advisory council, advisory board, advisory committee, consultative committee.
    * comité científico = scientific committee.
    * comité conjunto = joint committee.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * comité consultivo = advisory committee, consultative committee, advisory council, advisory board.
    * comité coordinador = coordinating committee.
    * comité de asuntos económicos = finance committee.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * comité de evaluación = review panel, review board, review committee.
    * comité de expertos = professional committee.
    * Comité de las Organizaciones de Productores Agrícolas (COPA) = Committee of Agricultural Producer Organizations (COPA).
    * Comité de las Universidades Británicas sobre Películas y Vídeos (BUFVC) = British Universities Film and Video Council (BUFVC).
    * comité de ordenación académica = course committee.
    * comité de planificación = planning committee.
    * Comité de Revisión de las Reglas de Catalogación (CCRC) = Catalog Code Revision Committee (CCRC).
    * comité de selección = screening panel, search and screen committee, search committee.
    * comité de supervisión = review board.
    * comité directivo = steering committee, steering body.
    * comité ejecutivo = executive board.
    * comité especial = working party.
    * Comité Internacional del Escudo Azul (ICBS) = International Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS).
    * Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).
    * comité organizador = organising committee.
    * Comité para la Homologación (COA) = Committee on Accreditation (COA).
    * comité permanente = standing committee.
    * comité seleccionador = interviewing board, interview committee.
    * comité selecto = select committee.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * elegir un comité = appoint + committee.
    * formar parte de un comite = serve on + committee.
    * formar un comité = set up + committee.
    * miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].
    * nombrar un comité = appoint + committee.

    * * *
    A (comisión) committee
    el comité ejecutivo the executive committee
    Compuestos:
    (UE) Economic and Finance Committee
    ( Esp) works committee
    editorial board/committee
    (UE) Committee of Permanent Representatives
    selection board/committee
    B ( RPl) (sede) local headquarters ( sing o pl)
    * * *

     

    comité sustantivo masculino ( junta) committee;
    ◊ comité de redacción editorial board o committee

    comité sustantivo masculino committee

    ' comité' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antinuclear
    - comisión
    - conjunto
    - encabezar
    - junta
    - presidencia
    - presidente
    - presidir
    English:
    ballot
    - behalf
    - chair
    - committee
    - executive
    - intercede
    - joint
    - meet
    - member
    - on
    - serve
    - sit
    - sitting
    - standing
    * * *
    committee
    comité central central committee;
    comité consultivo consultative committee;
    Dep comité de competición disciplinary committee;
    comité de disciplina disciplinary comittee;
    UE Comité Económico y Social Economic and Social Committee;
    comité ejecutivo executive committee;
    Ind comité de empresa Br works council, US employees' group;
    comité de gestión management committee;
    Ind comité intercentros coordinating o joint committee [of trade unions];
    comité olímpico Olympic Committee;
    comité permanente standing committee;
    UE Comité de las Regiones Committee of the Regions
    * * *
    m committee
    * * *
    : committee
    * * *
    comité n committee

    Spanish-English dictionary > comité

  • 7 insuficiencia

    f.
    1 lack, shortage (escasez).
    2 failure, insufficiency (medicine).
    insuficiencia cardiaca/renal heart/kidney failure
    * * *
    1 (escasez) shortage, insufficiency
    2 MEDICINA failure, insufficiency
    \
    insuficiencia cardiaca heart failure
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=escasez) insufficiency
    2) (=carencia) lack, shortage
    3) (=incompetencia) incompetence
    4) (Med)
    5) pl insuficiencias (=fallos) inadequacies; (=carencias) deficiencies
    * * *
    a) ( escasez)

    la insuficiencia de medios/calcio — the lack of resources/calcium

    b) insuficiencias femenino plural (fallos, inadecuaciones) inadequacies (pl)
    * * *
    = disability, inadequacy, shortage, underload, insufficiency.
    Ex. All these influences are at work before a child goes to school, yet until quite recently we have behaved as though good teaching in good schools was enough to compensate for the disabilities of verbally impoverished children.
    Ex. Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.
    Ex. Universities currently facing a shortage of space for books should consider sending a proportion of lesser used journals to the British Library now.
    Ex. Prolonged periods of underload or overload are unarguably dysfunctional.
    Ex. These libraries encounter difficulties with shortage of space, finance and staff, and above all, an insufficiency of foreign literature.
    ----
    * insuficiencia cardíaca = heart failure.
    * insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva = congestive heart failure.
    * insuficiencia renal = renal failure, kidney failure.
    * * *
    a) ( escasez)

    la insuficiencia de medios/calcio — the lack of resources/calcium

    b) insuficiencias femenino plural (fallos, inadecuaciones) inadequacies (pl)
    * * *
    = disability, inadequacy, shortage, underload, insufficiency.

    Ex: All these influences are at work before a child goes to school, yet until quite recently we have behaved as though good teaching in good schools was enough to compensate for the disabilities of verbally impoverished children.

    Ex: Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.
    Ex: Universities currently facing a shortage of space for books should consider sending a proportion of lesser used journals to the British Library now.
    Ex: Prolonged periods of underload or overload are unarguably dysfunctional.
    Ex: These libraries encounter difficulties with shortage of space, finance and staff, and above all, an insufficiency of foreign literature.
    * insuficiencia cardíaca = heart failure.
    * insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva = congestive heart failure.
    * insuficiencia renal = renal failure, kidney failure.

    * * *
    A
    (escasez): la insuficiencia de medios the lack of resources
    la insuficiencia de personal the staff shortage
    insuficiencia de calcio en la dieta lack of calcium in the diet, insufficient calcium in the diet
    B insuficiencias fpl (fallos, inadecuaciones) inadequacies (pl)
    las insuficiencias del sistema the inadequacies of the system
    suplir insuficiencias en la alimentación to compensate for dietary deficiencies
    Compuestos:
    heart failure
    kidney failure
    * * *

    insuficiencia sustantivo femenino ( escasez):

    insuficiencia de personal staff shortage
    insuficiencia sustantivo femenino insufficiency
    Med insuficiencia renal/respiratoria, kidney/respiratory failure

    ' insuficiencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deficiencia
    English:
    failure
    - inadequacy
    * * *
    1. [escasez] lack, shortage;
    el proyecto fue abandonado por insuficiencia de medios the project was dropped owing to a lack of resources;
    fue producido por una insuficiencia vitamínica it was caused by a vitamin deficiency;
    las insuficiencias de un tratado the deficiencies o weak points of a treaty
    2. Med failure, insufficiency
    insuficiencia cardiaca heart failure;
    insuficiencia renal kidney failure;
    insuficiencia respiratoria respiratory failure
    * * *
    f
    1 lack
    2 MED failure
    * * *
    1) : insufficiency, inadequacy
    2)
    insuficiencia cardíaca : heart failure

    Spanish-English dictionary > insuficiencia

  • 8 ratificar

    v.
    to ratify.
    María confirmó su asistencia Mary ratified her attendance.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to ratify
    1 to be confirmed, be ratified
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT [+ tratado] to ratify; [+ noticia] to confirm; [+ opinión] to support

    ratificar que... — to confirm that...

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <tratado/contrato> to ratify; < persona> ( en un puesto) to confirm; < noticia> to confirm
    2.
    ratificarse v pron
    * * *
    = endorse, ratify, reaffirm, enshrine, revalidate, ditto, reconfirm, affirm.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex. Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex. While much remains to be done, the right of every member of the public to see official documents is enshrined in law.
    Ex. After analysis of the data and revision of the taxonomy, it was revalidated and fine tuned in a second experiment = Tras el análisis de los resultados y la revisión de la taxonomía, ésta fue <b> ratificada</b> en un segundo experimento.
    Ex. I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex. Findings reconfirm that library collections contribute significantly to prestige of universities.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    ----
    * ratificar una constitución = ratify + constitution.
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * ratificar un tratado = ratify + treaty.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <tratado/contrato> to ratify; < persona> ( en un puesto) to confirm; < noticia> to confirm
    2.
    ratificarse v pron
    * * *
    = endorse, ratify, reaffirm, enshrine, revalidate, ditto, reconfirm, affirm.

    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.

    Ex: The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex: Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex: While much remains to be done, the right of every member of the public to see official documents is enshrined in law.
    Ex: After analysis of the data and revision of the taxonomy, it was revalidated and fine tuned in a second experiment = Tras el análisis de los resultados y la revisión de la taxonomía, ésta fue <b> ratificada</b> en un segundo experimento.
    Ex: I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex: Findings reconfirm that library collections contribute significantly to prestige of universities.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    * ratificar una constitución = ratify + constitution.
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * ratificar un tratado = ratify + treaty.

    * * *
    ratificar [A2 ]
    vt
    1 ‹tratado/contrato› to ratify
    2 ‹persona› (en un puesto) to confirm
    3 ‹noticia› to confirm
    ratificarse EN algo to reaffirm sth
    * * *

    ratificar ( conjugate ratificar) verbo transitivo ‹tratado/contrato› to ratify;
    ‹ persona› ( en un puesto) to confirm;
    ‹ noticia› to confirm
    ratificar vtr (un tratado) to ratify
    (una decisión, opinión) to confirm
    ' ratificar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    refrendar
    English:
    confirm
    - ratify
    - uphold
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [anuncio, declaraciones] to confirm; [convenio] to ratify
    * * *
    v/t POL ratify
    * * *
    ratificar {72} vt
    1) : to ratify
    2) : to confirm

    Spanish-English dictionary > ratificar

  • 9 entrega

    f.
    1 handing over.
    el acto de entrega de los Premios Nobel the Nobel Prize award ceremony
    no acudió a la entrega de premios he didn't attend the prizegiving ceremony
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien to present somebody with something
    entrega a domicilio home delivery
    entrega contra reembolso cash on delivery
    2 devotion.
    3 delivery, hand-over, handover, submission.
    4 surrender.
    5 abnegation, self-sacrifice.
    6 treason.
    7 installment.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: entregar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: entregar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) handing over
    2 (de premios) presentation
    3 COMERCIO delivery
    4 (de posesiones) surrender
    5 (fascículo) instalment (US installment), part
    6 figurado (devoción) selflessness, devotion
    7 DEPORTE pass
    \
    hacer entrega de algo (dar) to hand over 2 (repartir) to deliver 3 (premios) to present
    entrega a domicilio home delivery
    entrega contra reembolso cash on delivery
    * * *
    noun f.
    4) dedication, devotion
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) [de documento, solicitud] submission

    hacer entrega de — [+ regalo, premio, cheque] to present

    2) (Com) [de cartas, mercancías] delivery

    si no se efectúa la entrega, devuélvase a... — if undelivered, please return to...

    la entrega se hará en un plazo de 15 días — it will be delivered within 15 days, delivery within 15 days

    entrega contra pago, entrega contra reembolso — cash on delivery

    3) [al rendirse] [de rehenes] handover; [de armas] surrender, handover
    4) (=sección) [de enciclopedia, novela] instalment, installment (EEUU); [de revista] issue; [de serie televisiva] series

    una novela por entregas — a novel published in instalments, a serialized novel

    5) (=dedicación) dedication, devotion
    6) (Dep) pass
    * * *
    1) ( acción) (de envío, paquete) delivery; ( de premio) presentation; ( de rehén) return; ( de ciudad) surrender; (de documento, solicitud)

    entrega de llaves inmediata — vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy

    le hizo entrega de la copa — (frml) she presented him with the cup

    2)
    a) ( partida) delivery, shipment
    b) (plazo, cuota) installment*

    sin entrega inicial — no downpayment o deposit necessary

    c) ( de enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; ( de revista) issue
    3) ( dedicación) dedication, devotion; ( abandono) surrender
    * * *
    = delivery, instalment [installment, -USA], submission, surrender, issuance, deliverance, handover [hand-over].
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    Ex. A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments, usually incomplete in themselves.
    Ex. Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.
    Ex. This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. Communication can be improved, both a better content of information exchange and by a more timely deliverance of this information.
    Ex. The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    ----
    * ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.
    * ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.
    * entrega a = commitment to.
    * entrega de diplomas = commencement.
    * entrega inicial = down payment.
    * fecha de entrega = delivery date.
    * novela por entregas = part-issue.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * * *
    1) ( acción) (de envío, paquete) delivery; ( de premio) presentation; ( de rehén) return; ( de ciudad) surrender; (de documento, solicitud)

    entrega de llaves inmediata — vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy

    le hizo entrega de la copa — (frml) she presented him with the cup

    2)
    a) ( partida) delivery, shipment
    b) (plazo, cuota) installment*

    sin entrega inicial — no downpayment o deposit necessary

    c) ( de enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; ( de revista) issue
    3) ( dedicación) dedication, devotion; ( abandono) surrender
    * * *
    = delivery, instalment [installment, -USA], submission, surrender, issuance, deliverance, handover [hand-over].

    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

    Ex: A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments, usually incomplete in themselves.
    Ex: Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.
    Ex: This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: Communication can be improved, both a better content of information exchange and by a more timely deliverance of this information.
    Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    * ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.
    * ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.
    * entrega a = commitment to.
    * entrega de diplomas = commencement.
    * entrega inicial = down payment.
    * fecha de entrega = delivery date.
    * novela por entregas = part-issue.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.

    * * *
    A
    (acción): la entrega de estos documentos the handing over of these documents
    [ S ] entrega de llaves inmediata vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy
    las entregas a la zona deliveries to the area
    la fecha tope para la entrega de solicitudes the deadline for handing in o ( frml) submitting applications
    el acto de la entrega de premios the prize-giving ceremony
    le hizo entrega de la copa ( frml); she presented him with the cup
    nos hicieron entrega de una cantidad a cuenta they gave us o handed over a sum of money in part payment
    B
    1 (partida) delivery, shipment
    recibirán los artículos que faltan con la próxima entrega you will receive the missing items in the next delivery o shipment
    2 (plazo, cuota) installment*
    sin entrega inicial no downpayment o deposit necessary
    3 (de una enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; (de una revista) issue; (de una fotonovela, teleserie) episode
    Compuestos:
    COD, cash on delivery
    extraordinary rendition
    un avión sospechoso de estar involucrado en una entrega extraordinaria a plane suspected of being involved in extraordinary rendition
    C
    1 (dedicación) dedication, devotion, commitment
    2 (abandono) giving in
    * * *

     

    Del verbo entregar: ( conjugate entregar)

    entrega es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    entrega    
    entregar
    entrega sustantivo femenino
    1 (de pedido, paquete, carta) delivery;
    ( de premio) presentation;

    la entrega de los documentos the handing over of the documents;
    el plazo para la entrega de solicitudes the deadline for handing in o (frml) submitting applications;
    servicio de entrega a domicilio delivery service
    2

    b) (plazo, cuota) installment( conjugate installment)


    ( de revista) issue
    3 ( dedicación) dedication, devotion;
    ( abandono) surrender
    entregar ( conjugate entregar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( llevar) ‹pedido/paquete/carta› to deliver
    2
    a) ( dar) to give;

    ◊ me entregó un cuestionario she gave me o handed me a questionnaire;

    no quiso entregármelo he refused to hand it over to me
    b) ‹premio/trofeo› to present;

    entregale algo a algn to present sb with sth
    c) ‹trabajo/deberes/informe› to hand in, give in;

    ‹solicitud/impreso› to hand in, submit (frml)
    3
    a) ‹ciudad/armas› to surrender;

    ‹poder/control› to hand over
    b) ‹delincuente/prófugo› to turn in, hand over;

    ‹ rehén› to hand over


    entregarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( dedicarse) entregase a algo/algn to devote oneself to sth/sb
    2

    entregase a algo/algn ‹al enemigo/a la policía› to give oneself up o surrender to sth/sb


    entrega sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un pedido) delivery
    (de un premio) presentation
    2 (fascículo) issue
    3 (dedicación) devotion
    entregar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en poder de) to hand over
    2 (unos papeles, trabajo, etc) to give in, hand in
    3 Com to deliver
    ' entrega' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    facturación
    - reembolso
    - reparto
    - plazo
    - pronto
    English:
    allow
    - application
    - dedication
    - delivery
    - installment
    - instalment
    - presentation
    - surrender
    - cash
    - dead
    - deposit
    - down
    - first
    - give
    - home
    * * *
    1. [acto de entregar] handing over, handover;
    [de pedido, paquete] delivery; [de premios] presentation;
    la entrega de rehenes/de un rescate the handover of hostages/ransom money;
    el acto de entrega de los Premios Nobel the Nobel Prize award ceremony;
    no acudió a la entrega de premios he didn't attend the prizegiving ceremony;
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien to hand sth over to sb;
    se le hizo entrega de una placa conmemorativa she was presented with a commemorative plaque;
    hará entrega de las medallas el presidente del COI the president of the IOC will hand out o present the medals;
    pagadero a la entrega payable on delivery
    Com entrega contrarreembolso cash on delivery;
    entrega a domicilio home delivery;
    entrega de llaves: [m5] el resto a pagar con la entrega de llaves the balance to be paid when the keys are handed over;
    entrega urgente express delivery
    2. [dedicación] devotion (a to);
    médicos que trabajan con gran entrega doctors who work with great dedication
    3. [fascículo] instalment;
    por entregas in instalments;
    publicar por entregas to serialize
    4. [capítulo de serial, teleserie] episode;
    en nuestra anterior entrega… in our previous episode…
    5. [envío, partida] delivery;
    nos enviaron el pedido en dos entregas they sent us the order in two deliveries o shipments
    6. Dep pass
    7.
    entrega inicial [pago inicial] down payment, deposit
    * * *
    f
    1 handing over;
    entrega de premios prize-giving, presentation;
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien present s.o. with sth
    2 de mercancías delivery;
    entrega a domicilio (home) delivery
    3 ( dedicación) dedication, devotion
    * * *
    1) : delivery
    2) : handing over, surrender
    3) : installment
    entrega inicial: down payment
    * * *
    1. (en general) handing over
    2. (mercancía) delivery [pl. deliveries]
    3. (fascículo) instalment

    Spanish-English dictionary > entrega

  • 10 Coimbra, University of

       Portugal's oldest and once its most prestigious university. As one of Europe's oldest seats of learning, the University of Coimbra and its various roles have a historic importance that supersedes merely the educational. For centuries, the university formed and trained the principal elites and professions that dominated Portugal. For more than a century, certain members of its faculty entered the central government in Lisbon. A few, such as law professor Afonso Costa, mathematics instructor Sidônio Pais, anthropology professor Bernardino Machado, and economics professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, became prime ministers and presidents of the republic. In such a small country, with relatively few universities until recently, Portugal counted Coimbra's university as the educational cradle of its leaders and knew its academic traditions as an intimate part of national life.
       Established in 1290 by King Dinis, the university first opened in Lisbon but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, and there it remained. University buildings were placed high on a hill, in a position that
       physically dominates Portugal's third city. While sections of the medieval university buildings are present, much of what today remains of the old University of Coimbra dates from the Manueline era (1495-1521) and the 17th and 18th centuries. The main administration building along the so-called Via Latina is baroque, in the style of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most prominent among buildings adjacent to the central core structures are the Chapel of São Miguel, built in the 17th century, and the magnificent University Library, of the era of wealthy King João V, built between 1717 and 1723. Created entirely by Portuguese artists and architects, the library is unique among historic monuments in Portugal. Its rare book collection, a monument in itself, is complemented by exquisite gilt wood decorations and beautiful doors, windows, and furniture. Among visitors and tourists, the chapel and library are the prime attractions to this day.
       The University underwent important reforms under the Pombaline administration (1750-77). Efforts to strengthen Coimbra's position in advanced learning and teaching by means of a new curriculum, including new courses in new fields and new degrees and colleges (in Portugal, major university divisions are usually called "faculties") often met strong resistance. In the Age of the Discoveries, efforts were made to introduce the useful study of mathematics, which was part of astronomy in that day, and to move beyond traditional medieval study only of theology, canon law, civil law, and medicine. Regarding even the advanced work of the Portuguese astronomer and mathematician Pedro Nunes, however, Coimbra University was lamentably slow in introducing mathematics or a school of arts and general studies. After some earlier efforts, the 1772 Pombaline Statutes, the core of the Pombaline reforms at Coimbra, had an impact that lasted more than a century. These reforms remained in effect to the end of the monarchy, when, in 1911, the First Republic instituted changes that stressed the secularization of learning. This included the abolition of the Faculty of Theology.
       Elaborate, ancient traditions and customs inform the faculty and student body of Coimbra University. Tradition flourishes, although some customs are more popular than others. Instead of residing in common residences or dormitories as in other countries, in Coimbra until recently students lived in the city in "Republics," private houses with domestic help hired by the students. Students wore typical black academic gowns. Efforts during the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and aftermath to abolish the wearing of the gowns, a powerful student image symbol, met resistance and generated controversy. In romantic Coimbra tradition, students with guitars sang characteristic songs, including Coimbra fado, a more cheerful song than Lisbon fado, and serenaded other students at special locations. Tradition also decreed that at graduation graduates wore their gowns but burned their school (or college or subject) ribbons ( fitas), an important ceremonial rite of passage.
       The University of Coimbra, while it underwent a revival in the 1980s and 1990s, no longer has a virtual monopoly over higher education in Portugal. By 1970, for example, the country had only four public and one private university, and the University of Lisbon had become more significant than ancient Coimbra. At present, diversity in higher education is even more pronounced: 12 private universities and 14 autonomous public universities are listed, not only in Lisbon and Oporto, but at provincial locations. Still, Coimbra retains an influence as the senior university, some of whose graduates still enter national government and distinguished themselves in various professions.
       An important student concern at all institutions of higher learning, and one that marked the last half of the 1990s and continued into the next century, was the question of increased student fees and tuition payments (in Portuguese, propinas). Due to the expansion of the national universities in function as well as in the size of student bodies, national budget constraints, and the rising cost of education, the central government began to increase student fees. The student movement protested this change by means of various tactics, including student strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations. At the same time, a growing number of private universities began to attract larger numbers of students who could afford the higher fees in private institutions, but who had been denied places in the increasingly competitive and pressured public universities.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Coimbra, University of

  • 11 asignación

    f.
    1 assignment, task.
    2 assignment, allotment, allowance, allocation.
    3 assignation, assigning.
    * * *
    1 (acción) assignment, allocation
    2 (nombramiento) appointment, assignment
    3 (remuneración) allocation, allowance; (sueldo) wage, salary
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) assignment, allocation; (=cita) appointment
    2) (Econ) allowance

    asignación por kilometraje — ≈ mileage allowance

    * * *
    1)
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment
    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    2) ( sueldo) wages (pl); ( paga) allowance
    3) (AmC) (Educ) homework
    * * *
    = allocation, apportionment, assignment, entitlement, placement, attribution, appropriation, allotment, allowance.
    Ex. It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.
    Ex. Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex. Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex. In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex. A scheme should allow relocation, in order to rectify an inappropriate placement, to eliminate dual provision (more than one place for one subject) to make room for new subjects.
    Ex. This could help in attribution of authorship for anonymous works.
    Ex. As inflation continues to absorb library expenses and state appropriations decrease or remain static, librarians need to reconsider their budgets.
    Ex. This law basically strives to ensure a fair allotment of economic support to the various types of organisations concerned with music.
    Ex. These payments cover the following: tide-over allowances for workers, including redundancy payments, resettlement allowances, and vocational training for those having to change their employment.
    ----
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * asignación de identificadores = tagging.
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignación de materias = subject indexing, subject assignment.
    * asignación de nombre = labelling [labeling, -USA].
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignación mensual = monthly allowance.
    * asignación presupuestaria = budget allocation, budgetary allocation.
    * asignación semanal = weekly allowance.
    * organismo encargado de la asignación de partidas = appropriating body.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment
    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    2) ( sueldo) wages (pl); ( paga) allowance
    3) (AmC) (Educ) homework
    * * *
    = allocation, apportionment, assignment, entitlement, placement, attribution, appropriation, allotment, allowance.

    Ex: It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.

    Ex: Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex: Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex: In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex: A scheme should allow relocation, in order to rectify an inappropriate placement, to eliminate dual provision (more than one place for one subject) to make room for new subjects.
    Ex: This could help in attribution of authorship for anonymous works.
    Ex: As inflation continues to absorb library expenses and state appropriations decrease or remain static, librarians need to reconsider their budgets.
    Ex: This law basically strives to ensure a fair allotment of economic support to the various types of organisations concerned with music.
    Ex: These payments cover the following: tide-over allowances for workers, including redundancy payments, resettlement allowances, and vocational training for those having to change their employment.
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * asignación de identificadores = tagging.
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignación de materias = subject indexing, subject assignment.
    * asignación de nombre = labelling [labeling, -USA].
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignación mensual = monthly allowance.
    * asignación presupuestaria = budget allocation, budgetary allocation.
    * asignación semanal = weekly allowance.
    * organismo encargado de la asignación de partidas = appropriating body.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una tarea, función) assignment
    la asignación del puesto a su sobrino the appointment of his nephew to the post, the designation of his nephew for the post
    2 (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    B (sueldo) wages (pl); (paga) allowance
    la beca supone una asignación mensual de … the grant provides a monthly allowance of …
    Compuesto:
    C ( AmC) ( Educ) homework
    * * *

     

    asignación sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment

    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment

    2 ( sueldo) wages (pl);
    ( paga) allowance
    3 (AmC) (Educ) homework
    asignación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de fondos, de tarea) assignment, allocation
    2 (nombramiento) appointment
    3 (paga) allowance
    ' asignación' also found in these entries:
    English:
    allocation
    - allotment
    - appropriation
    - assignment
    - routing
    - allowance
    - award
    * * *
    1. [atribución] [de dinero, productos] allocation;
    defienden un modelo de asignación de recursos más justo they are in favour of a fairer allocation o distribution of resources;
    él se encarga de la asignación de prioridades he is in charge of setting o establishing priorities
    2. [cantidad asignada] allocation;
    tenemos una asignación anual de cinco millones de dólares we have an annual allocation of five million dollars;
    todas las familias reciben una asignación económica por cada hijo all families receive an allowance for each child they have
    CSur asignación familiar = state benefit paid to families for every child, Br ≈ child benefit
    3. [sueldo] salary;
    le dan una asignación semanal de 10 euros they give him Br pocket money o US an allowance of 10 euros a week
    4. [de empleado]
    anunciaron su asignación a un nuevo destino they announced that she was being assigned to a new post
    5. CAm [deber] homework
    * * *
    f
    1 acción allocation
    2 dinero allowance
    * * *
    1) : allocation
    2) : appointment, designation
    3) : allowance, pay
    4) PRi : homework, assignment

    Spanish-English dictionary > asignación

  • 12 bastante

    adj.
    1 enough (suficiente).
    no tengo dinero bastante I haven't got enough money
    2 a lot of, sufficient, enough, plenty of.
    adv.
    1 quite, pretty (considerablemente).
    es bastante fácil it's pretty o quite easy
    bastante mejor quite a lot better
    me gustó bastante I enjoyed it quite a lot
    2 a lot, very much, a great deal.
    pron.
    enough, a good deal, a lot, a sufficient quantity.
    * * *
    1 enough, sufficient
    ■ ¿tienes bastante dinero? have you got enough money?
    2 (abundante) quite a lot of
    1 enough
    2 (un poco) fairly, quite
    3 (tiempo) some time, quite a while
    * * *
    1. adv.
    1) enough, sufficiently
    2) quite, rather
    2. pron. 3. adj.
    1) enough, sufficient
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=suficiente) enough ( para for)

    ¿no tienes ya bastantes? — haven't you got enough?

    2) (=mucho) quite a lot of, a fair amount of
    3) (=muchos) quite a lot of, quite a few

    -¿tienes muchos cuadros? -bastantes — "do you have many paintings?" - "quite a few"

    4) Méx (=demasiado) too much
    2. ADV
    1) (=suficiente) enough

    ya tienen bastante como para que vayamos también nosotros con nuestros problemas — they've got enough on their plate already without us taking our problems along

    2) (=de forma considerable) [con verbos] quite a lot; [con adjetivos, adverbios] quite

    me gusta bastante — I quite like it, I like it quite a lot

    el libro está bastante bien — it's a fairly good book, it's quite a good book

    habla inglés bastante bien — she speaks quite good English, her English is quite good

    * * *
    I
    1) ( suficiente) enough

    bastantes vasos/bastante vino — enough glasses/wine

    2) ( cantidad o número considerable) plenty of, quite a lot of
    II
    1) ( suficiente) enough
    2) ( demasiado)
    III
    1) ( suficientemente) enough
    2) ( considerablemente) (con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite

    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable — I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant

    es bastante fácil de curar — it's quite o fairly easy to cure

    * * *
    = a good deal of, a great deal of, enough, plenty of, pretty much, substantive, plenty, a good many, numerable, fair share.
    Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex. Also, the supplier with a number of clients has enough maintenance income to justify the establishment of a sound maintenance service.
    Ex. There are plenty of omission failures of this sort, and they litter most of the Hennepin County Library Cataloging Bulletins.
    Ex. Of course, suspicion always arises that both are weak; for where the library is a vital force, the public is usually pretty much alive to its worth.
    Ex. In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. A good many heavily gilt retailers' bindings (such as the small English devotional books that were sold in large numbers from the 1560s until the later seventeenth century) were indeed intended to look expensive while really being cheaply executed.
    Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex. Some librarians complain that they are not getting a fair share of these funds.
    ----
    * ayudar bastante a = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * bastante + Adjetivo = fairly + Adjetivo, pretty + Adjetivo, rather + Adjetivo, reasonably + Adjetivo.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bastante desarrollado = well-developed.
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * bastante general = wide-ranging [wide ranging].
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * bastante largo = longish.
    * bastante lejos de = well away from.
    * bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].
    * bastante más = rather more.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bastante tiempo = ample time.
    * con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.
    * con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.
    * Participio Pasado + bastante bueno = decently + Participio Pasado.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * remontarse bastante en el tiempo = go back + a long way.
    * ya es bastante = enough is enough.
    * ya hace bastante tiempo = for quite a while now.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( suficiente) enough

    bastantes vasos/bastante vino — enough glasses/wine

    2) ( cantidad o número considerable) plenty of, quite a lot of
    II
    1) ( suficiente) enough
    2) ( demasiado)
    III
    1) ( suficientemente) enough
    2) ( considerablemente) (con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite

    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable — I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant

    es bastante fácil de curar — it's quite o fairly easy to cure

    * * *
    = a good deal of, a great deal of, enough, plenty of, pretty much, substantive, plenty, a good many, numerable, fair share.

    Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

    Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex: Also, the supplier with a number of clients has enough maintenance income to justify the establishment of a sound maintenance service.
    Ex: There are plenty of omission failures of this sort, and they litter most of the Hennepin County Library Cataloging Bulletins.
    Ex: Of course, suspicion always arises that both are weak; for where the library is a vital force, the public is usually pretty much alive to its worth.
    Ex: In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex: A good many heavily gilt retailers' bindings (such as the small English devotional books that were sold in large numbers from the 1560s until the later seventeenth century) were indeed intended to look expensive while really being cheaply executed.
    Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex: Some librarians complain that they are not getting a fair share of these funds.
    * ayudar bastante a = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * bastante + Adjetivo = fairly + Adjetivo, pretty + Adjetivo, rather + Adjetivo, reasonably + Adjetivo.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bastante desarrollado = well-developed.
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * bastante general = wide-ranging [wide ranging].
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * bastante largo = longish.
    * bastante lejos de = well away from.
    * bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].
    * bastante más = rather more.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bastante tiempo = ample time.
    * con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.
    * con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.
    * Participio Pasado + bastante bueno = decently + Participio Pasado.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * remontarse bastante en el tiempo = go back + a long way.
    * ya es bastante = enough is enough.
    * ya hace bastante tiempo = for quite a while now.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.

    * * *
    A (suficiente) enough
    ¿tenemos bastantes vasos/bastante vino? do we have enough glasses/wine?
    compra bastantes aceitunas buy plenty of olives
    necesita bastante sal it needs plenty of o quite a lot of salt
    nos dio bastantes ejemplos he gave us plenty of o quite a lot of o quite a few examples
    vámonos, ya he visto bastante let's go, I've seen enough
    ya tenemos bastantes we already have enough
    B
    (en cantidad o número considerable): la traducción deja bastante que desear the translation leaves rather a lot to be desired
    no te has esforzado bastante you haven't tried hard enough
    el río no es lo bastante profundo the river isn't deep enough
    es lo bastante fácil como para que lo pueda hacer sola it's easy enough for her to do on her own
    B (considerablemente) ( con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite
    me ayudó bastante he gave me quite a lot of help, he helped me quite a lot
    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant
    llegó bastante cansado he was pretty o quite tired when he arrived
    lo que tiene es bastante fácil de curar what she has is quite o fairly easy to cure
    habla español bastante bien she speaks Spanish quite o pretty well
    los resultados fueron bastante decepcionantes the results were rather disappointing
    * * *

     

    bastante adjetivo

    ◊ bastantes vasos/bastante vino enough glasses/wine


    ◊ había bastante gente/bastantes coches there were plenty of people/cars

    ■ pronombre
    1 ( suficiente) enough;

    2 ( demasiado):

    ■ adverbio
    1 ( suficientemente) enough;

    2 ( considerablemente) ( con verbos) quite a lot;
    (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite;

    me pareció bastante agradable/aburrido I thought he was quite pleasant/rather boring
    bastante
    I adjetivo
    1 (suficiente) enough: ¿tenéis bastantes mantas?, do you have enough blankets?
    bastante dinero/azúcar, enough money/sugar
    2 (en abundancia) quite a lot of: tiene bastante valor, he's quite brave
    bastantes personas, quite a lot of people
    II adverbio
    1 (suficiente) enough: nunca tiene bastante, it's never enough for her
    es lo bastante inteligente como para..., he's clever enough to...
    2 (muy, mucho) fairly, quite: conduces bastante bien, you drive rather well
    es una película bastante buena, it's quite a good film
    viaja bastante, she travels quite often ➣ Ver nota en quite
    1) Cuando quieres decir suficiente, debes usar la palabra enough, que se coloca detrás de un adjetivo o adverbio, pero delante de un sustantivo: Tengo bastante dinero. I have enough money. No es bastante grande. It's not big enough.
    Recuerda que nunca puedes usar enough cuando bastante significa muy: Este libro es bastante (muy) interesante. This book is very interesting. Hace bastante calor. It's very hot.
    2) Cuando quieres decir abundante, puedes emplear la palabra quite, pero también:
    fairly: bastante pero no suficiente
    pretty: más o mejor de lo esperado (informal)
    rather: más o mejor de lo esperado (formal)
    En una escala de nada a muy, el orden sería: not-fairly-quite-rather/pretty-very.
    Quite     se coloca delante de a/an + sustantivo
    pretty y fairly entre a/an y el sustantivo, y rather en ambas posiciones: It's quite/ rather a nice day today o it's a pretty/fairly/rather nice day today. Hoy es un día bastante agradable.
    En la comparación sólo puedes emplear rather: It's rather warmer today. Hoy hace bastante más calor.
    Con un verbo sólo podemos usar quite o rather: I rather/ quite liked it. Me gustó bastante.
    ' bastante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abundante
    - animosidad
    - apolillada
    - apolillado
    - chillón
    - chillona
    - decente
    - dentro
    - descreída
    - descreído
    - desear
    - destreza
    - eufórica
    - eufórico
    - excitable
    - informal
    - lucir
    - miedosa
    - miedoso
    - ordinaria
    - ordinario
    - parecerse
    - pedestre
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - potable
    - rancia
    - rancio
    - reparación
    - suficiente
    - tonta
    - tonto
    - adelantado
    - alto
    - creer
    - defender
    - guisar
    - hombre
    - para
    English:
    accurately
    - aspect
    - by
    - carefree
    - close
    - considerably
    - deal
    - decent
    - draw on
    - enough
    - explode
    - fairly
    - have
    - lengthy
    - livable
    - morale
    - near
    - OK
    - okay
    - pretty
    - quite
    - rather
    - reasonable
    - reasonably
    - some
    - sufficient
    - sufficiently
    - tolerably
    - warm
    - way
    - bit
    - considerable
    - decently
    - desire
    - fair
    - good
    - nice
    - nip
    - ropey
    - rough
    - shape
    - stock
    - well
    - while
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [suficiente] enough;
    no tengo dinero bastante I haven't got enough money;
    no es lo bastante ancha para que entre el piano it's not wide enough to get the piano through
    2. [mucho]
    tengo bastante frío I'm quite o pretty cold;
    tienen bastante dinero they're quite o pretty well off;
    bastantes libros quite a lot of books, a fair number of books;
    tenemos bastante tiempo we have quite a lot of time
    ♦ adv
    1. [suficientemente]
    es lo bastante lista para… she's smart enough to…;
    ya has hablado bastante, ahora cállate you've done enough talking, be quiet now
    2. [considerablemente] [con adjetivos, adverbios] quite;
    [con verbos] quite a lot;
    es bastante fácil it's pretty o quite easy;
    es una práctica bastante común it's quite a common practice, it's a pretty common practice;
    bastante mejor quite a lot better;
    me gustó bastante I enjoyed it quite a lot;
    he cenado bastante I had a pretty big dinner;
    desde que le operaron ha mejorado bastante he's quite a lot better o he's improved quite a lot since he had the operation
    3. [con frecuencia] quite a lot;
    voy bastante por ahí I go there quite a lot;
    ¿viajas mucho? – bastante do you do much travelling? – yes, quite a lot o a fair bit
    ♦ pron
    éramos bastantes there were quite a few o a lot of us;
    hay bastantes que piensan así there are quite a few people who share the same opinion;
    queda bastante there's quite a lot left
    * * *
    I adj
    1 enough
    cantidad considerable plenty of;
    quedan bastantes plazas there are plenty of seats left
    II adv con adjetivos quite, fairly;
    bebe bastante she drinks quite a lot
    * * *
    1) : enough, sufficiently
    he trabajado bastante: I have worked enough
    2) : fairly, rather, quite
    llegaron bastante temprano: they arrived quite early
    : enough, sufficient
    bastante pron
    : enough
    hemos visto bastante: we have seen enough
    * * *
    bastante1 adj
    1. (suficiente) enough
    ¿habrá bastante comida para todos? will there be enough food for everyone?
    ¿tenemos bastantes sillas? have we got enough chairs?
    2. (no poco) quite a lot of
    bastante2 adv
    1. (no poco) quite
    2. (suficiente) enough
    bastante3 pron
    1. (suficente) enough
    no eches más agua a la planta, ya tiene bastante don't water the plant any more, that's enough
    2. (mucho) quite a lot

    Spanish-English dictionary > bastante

  • 13 describir

    v.
    1 to describe.
    Elsa describió el paisaje Elsa described the landscape.
    María describió sus experiencias Mary described her experiences.
    2 to explain, to demonstrate.
    Ricardo describe sus conclusiones Richard explains his conclusions.
    * * *
    (pp descrito,-a)
    1 to describe
    2 (trazar) to trace, describe
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT to describe
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <paisaje/persona> to describe
    2) (frml) <línea/órbita> to trace, describe (frml)
    * * *
    = depict, describe, give + an account of, give + a portrait of, profile, render, portray, characterise [characterize, -USA], paint + a picture, chronicle, give + a picture, picture, detail, illustrate.
    Ex. Trial procedures aiming to increase service recognition and service usage, and the evaluation thereof, are then depicted.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex. This article gives some background information on markup systems and gives a brief account of the Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML).
    Ex. This article gives a portrait of Varde public library, due to take possession of a new main library in then central town square.
    Ex. He was profiled in April 1972 as the Wilson Library Bulletin front-liner.
    Ex. The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex. Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    Ex. As a consequence of the dualism of the research library and the public library different organisational schemes developed in the urban library system, which are characterised here in detail.
    Ex. The data paint a picture of a fragmented discipline.
    Ex. Their work has been chronicled by Boyd Rayward in a readable (but execrably printed) work.
    Ex. The 1981 census data was used as a rough guide to give a picture of the area and to compile graphs from these statistics.
    Ex. In most cases authors pictured incest as an assault against the innocent, but they often saw the abuser, especially the father, as a victim of himself and he is rarely punished with prison.
    Ex. In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex. The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    ----
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * describir con palabras = describe + in words.
    * describir de forma general = outline.
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * describir en líneas generales = outline.
    * describir erróneamente = mislabel.
    * describir las características de = characterise [characterize, -USA].
    * describir una situación = depict + situation.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <paisaje/persona> to describe
    2) (frml) <línea/órbita> to trace, describe (frml)
    * * *
    = depict, describe, give + an account of, give + a portrait of, profile, render, portray, characterise [characterize, -USA], paint + a picture, chronicle, give + a picture, picture, detail, illustrate.

    Ex: Trial procedures aiming to increase service recognition and service usage, and the evaluation thereof, are then depicted.

    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex: This article gives some background information on markup systems and gives a brief account of the Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML).
    Ex: This article gives a portrait of Varde public library, due to take possession of a new main library in then central town square.
    Ex: He was profiled in April 1972 as the Wilson Library Bulletin front-liner.
    Ex: The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex: Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    Ex: As a consequence of the dualism of the research library and the public library different organisational schemes developed in the urban library system, which are characterised here in detail.
    Ex: The data paint a picture of a fragmented discipline.
    Ex: Their work has been chronicled by Boyd Rayward in a readable (but execrably printed) work.
    Ex: The 1981 census data was used as a rough guide to give a picture of the area and to compile graphs from these statistics.
    Ex: In most cases authors pictured incest as an assault against the innocent, but they often saw the abuser, especially the father, as a victim of himself and he is rarely punished with prison.
    Ex: In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex: The presence of eggshells, faecal pellets, and silk threads in association with a mite-like animal illustrates a complex ecosystem.
    * describir a grandes rasgos = paint + a broad picture.
    * describir con palabras = describe + in words.
    * describir de forma general = outline.
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.
    * describir el desarrollo de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * describir en líneas generales = outline.
    * describir erróneamente = mislabel.
    * describir las características de = characterise [characterize, -USA].
    * describir una situación = depict + situation.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.

    * * *
    vt
    A ‹paisaje/persona› to describe
    ¿me podría describir al ladrón? could you describe the thief for o to me?
    B ( frml); ‹línea/órbita› to trace, describe ( frml)
    * * *

     

    describir ( conjugate describir) verbo transitivo
    to describe
    describir verbo transitivo to describe
    ' describir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ancha
    - ancho
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bien
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - trazar
    - calificar
    - caracterizar
    - descrito
    - detalle
    English:
    curve
    - describe
    - notice
    - paint
    - portray
    - vividly
    - depict
    * * *
    1. [con palabras] to describe;
    descríbanos al individuo que la atacó describe the man who attacked you
    2. [trazar] [trayectoria, curva, órbita] to describe
    * * *
    <part descrito> v/t describe
    * * *
    describir {33} vt
    : to describe
    * * *
    describir vb to describe

    Spanish-English dictionary > describir

  • 14 especificar

    v.
    to specify.
    María concretó sus planes ante ellos Mary specified her plans before them.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to specify
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT [+ cantidad, modelo] to specify; [en una lista] to list, itemize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to specify
    * * *
    = detail, make + statement, qualify, specify, structure, make + the point that, spell out, narrow down.
    Ex. In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex. Subject field to be covered must be determined by making explicit statements concerning the limits of topic coverage, and the depth in which various aspects of the subject are to be treated.
    Ex. Common facets may be listed anywhere in the schedule order, because they are facets that, although only listed once can be applied anywhere in the citation order, as required to qualify the concept to which they apply.
    Ex. In a SDI service the user specifies his own individual interest in detail, and these are then expressed in terms of a user interest profile.
    Ex. The large cataloguing record data bases are structured according to a format known as the MARC format.
    Ex. However, they do make the very important point that the notation is not an essential part of the scheme.
    Ex. Certain obligations of public and university libraries and publicly supported library networks often are also spelled out in statutory form.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    ----
    * no especificar = leave + undefined.
    * permanecer sin especificar = remain + undefined.
    * sin especificar = unspecified.
    * volver a especificar = respecify.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to specify
    * * *
    = detail, make + statement, qualify, specify, structure, make + the point that, spell out, narrow down.

    Ex: In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.

    Ex: Subject field to be covered must be determined by making explicit statements concerning the limits of topic coverage, and the depth in which various aspects of the subject are to be treated.
    Ex: Common facets may be listed anywhere in the schedule order, because they are facets that, although only listed once can be applied anywhere in the citation order, as required to qualify the concept to which they apply.
    Ex: In a SDI service the user specifies his own individual interest in detail, and these are then expressed in terms of a user interest profile.
    Ex: The large cataloguing record data bases are structured according to a format known as the MARC format.
    Ex: However, they do make the very important point that the notation is not an essential part of the scheme.
    Ex: Certain obligations of public and university libraries and publicly supported library networks often are also spelled out in statutory form.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    * no especificar = leave + undefined.
    * permanecer sin especificar = remain + undefined.
    * sin especificar = unspecified.
    * volver a especificar = respecify.

    * * *
    vt
    to specify
    no especifica cuánto se necesita it doesn't specify o say how much you need
    especificó todos los detalles del proyecto she spelled out all the details of the project
    especifique el modelo que desea specify which model you require
    * * *

     

    especificar ( conjugate especificar) verbo transitivo
    to specify
    especificar verbo transitivo to specify
    ' especificar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    determinar
    - de
    - hora
    - puntualizar
    English:
    for
    - some
    - specify
    - they
    * * *
    to specify;
    la guía no especifica nada sobre el tema the guide doesn't say anything specific on the subject;
    no especificó las razones de su dimisión she didn't specify her reasons for resigning;
    ¿podría usted especificar un poco más? could you be a little more specific?;
    por favor, especifique claramente el modo de pago please state clearly the method of payment
    * * *
    v/t specify
    * * *
    especificar {72} vt
    : to specify
    * * *
    especificar vb to specify

    Spanish-English dictionary > especificar

  • 15 fundamental

    adj.
    fundamental.
    * * *
    1 fundamental
    * * *
    adj.
    basic, fundamental
    * * *
    ADJ fundamental, basic
    * * *
    adjetivo fundamental

    es fundamental que entiendas — it is vital o essential that you understand

    * * *
    = core, fundamental, seminal, substantive, underlying, pivotal, prime, ultimate, constitutive, basal, cardinal, foundational.
    Ex. The core function of such a service was seen as giving information and advice, but other services might be added.
    Ex. A fundamental theoretical rule of subject indexing is that each heading should be co-extensive with the subject of the document, that is, the label and the information or documents found under that label should match.
    Ex. He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    Ex. In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex. One of the functions which I have not specified is that the underlying ideology represented by the AACR aims first at fixing a location for an author and then for a work.
    Ex. His position was pivotal because he was not only the organizer but also the financier and indeed the speculator of the book trade.
    Ex. For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.
    Ex. The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex. Three definitions of information are given: information as a resource, information as a commodity, and information as a constitutive force in society.
    Ex. Basal textbooks, despite their well-publicized limitations in comparison with other media, remain the keystone of US school publishing.
    Ex. To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.
    Ex. These foundational principles are the means by which we articulate what is and has been intrinsically important to the institution.
    ----
    * actividad fundamental = core activity.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * disposición fundamental = basic provision.
    * fundamental, lo = gist, the.
    * idea fundamental = keynote.
    * papel fundamental = pivotal role.
    * principio fundamental = principium [principia, -pl.].
    * razón fundamental = rationale.
    * * *
    adjetivo fundamental

    es fundamental que entiendas — it is vital o essential that you understand

    * * *
    = core, fundamental, seminal, substantive, underlying, pivotal, prime, ultimate, constitutive, basal, cardinal, foundational.

    Ex: The core function of such a service was seen as giving information and advice, but other services might be added.

    Ex: A fundamental theoretical rule of subject indexing is that each heading should be co-extensive with the subject of the document, that is, the label and the information or documents found under that label should match.
    Ex: He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    Ex: In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex: One of the functions which I have not specified is that the underlying ideology represented by the AACR aims first at fixing a location for an author and then for a work.
    Ex: His position was pivotal because he was not only the organizer but also the financier and indeed the speculator of the book trade.
    Ex: For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.
    Ex: The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex: Three definitions of information are given: information as a resource, information as a commodity, and information as a constitutive force in society.
    Ex: Basal textbooks, despite their well-publicized limitations in comparison with other media, remain the keystone of US school publishing.
    Ex: To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.
    Ex: These foundational principles are the means by which we articulate what is and has been intrinsically important to the institution
    .
    * actividad fundamental = core activity.
    * de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.
    * de importancia fundamental = critically important.
    * disposición fundamental = basic provision.
    * fundamental, lo = gist, the.
    * idea fundamental = keynote.
    * papel fundamental = pivotal role.
    * principio fundamental = principium [principia, -pl.].
    * razón fundamental = rationale.

    * * *
    ‹necesidad› basic, fundamental; ‹aspecto/objetivo/cambio› fundamental
    es de fundamental importancia it is of fundamental importance
    es fundamental que entiendas it is vital o essential that you understand
    * * *

     

    fundamental adjetivo
    fundamental
    fundamental adjetivo fundamental
    la diferencia fundamental, the basic difference
    ' fundamental' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    elemental
    - primordial
    - principio
    - sustancial
    - sustantiva
    - sustantivo
    - básico
    - esencial
    - primero
    - sagrado
    - vital
    English:
    basic
    - cardinal
    - essential
    - fundamental
    - hygiene
    - main
    - primal
    - primary
    - vital
    - central
    - imperative
    - part
    * * *
    fundamental;
    lo fundamental es que hallemos una solución the most important thing is that we find a solution;
    es fundamental que no nos pongamos nerviosos it's essential that we don't get nervous
    * * *
    adj fundamental
    * * *
    básico: fundamental, basic
    * * *
    fundamental adj fundamental / essential

    Spanish-English dictionary > fundamental

  • 16 notificación

    f.
    1 notification, notice, warning.
    2 notification, official notice.
    * * *
    1 notification
    \
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino (frml) notification (frml)
    * * *
    = announcement, notification, paper, alert, disclosure, statement, intimation, notice.
    Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex. The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.
    Ex. In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex. The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex. The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    Ex. Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.
    Ex. These currents are better understood as intimations of postmodern populism.
    Ex. Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    ----
    * notificación de demanda = notice of demand, notice of demand.
    * notificación oficial = official notification.
    * recibir notificación = receive + notice.
    * * *
    femenino (frml) notification (frml)
    * * *
    = announcement, notification, paper, alert, disclosure, statement, intimation, notice.

    Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.

    Ex: The search profile will only be modified periodically as the quality of the set of notifications output from the search drops to unacceptable levels.
    Ex: In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex: The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex: The patent abstract is a concise statement of the technical disclosure of the patent and must emphasize that which is new in the context of the invention.
    Ex: Statements conveying preferential relationships between terms indicate which terms are to be treated as equivalent to one another.
    Ex: These currents are better understood as intimations of postmodern populism.
    Ex: Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    * notificación de demanda = notice of demand, notice of demand.
    * notificación oficial = official notification.
    * recibir notificación = receive + notice.

    * * *
    ( frml)
    notification ( frml)
    * * *

    notificación sustantivo femenino (frml) notification (frml)
    notificación sustantivo femenino notification
    ' notificación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    circular
    - comunicación
    - comunicada
    - comunicado
    - aviso
    English:
    advice
    - notification
    - quit
    * * *
    notification
    * * *
    f notification
    * * *
    notificación nf, pl - ciones : notification

    Spanish-English dictionary > notificación

  • 17 numeroso

    adj.
    numerous, multitudinous, manifold.
    * * *
    1 numerous
    * * *
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <clase/grupo> large; <ocasiones/ejemplos> numerous, many
    * * *
    = numerous, substantive.
    Ex. These hosts can be expected to become more numerous.
    Ex. In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    ----
    * ser numeroso = be large in number.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <clase/grupo> large; <ocasiones/ejemplos> numerous, many
    * * *
    = numerous, substantive.

    Ex: These hosts can be expected to become more numerous.

    Ex: In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    * ser numeroso = be large in number.

    * * *
    1 ‹clase/grupo› large
    la ceremonia se celebró ante numeroso público ( frml); the ceremony took place in front of a large audience
    2 ‹ocasiones/ejemplos/visitantes› numerous, many
    * * *

    numeroso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo ‹clase/grupo› large;


    ‹ocasiones/ejemplos› numerous, many
    numeroso,-a adjetivo numerous
    ' numeroso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    crecida
    - crecido
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - numerosa
    English:
    dense
    - innumerable
    - numerous
    - broad
    - heavy
    * * *
    numeroso, -a adj
    1. [con muchos elementos] numerous;
    un grupo numeroso a large group
    2.
    numerosos [muchos] many, several;
    sufrieron numerosas bajas they suffered many o several casualties
    * * *
    adj numerous
    * * *
    numeroso, -sa adj
    : numerous
    * * *
    1. (grande) large
    2. (muchos) numerous

    Spanish-English dictionary > numeroso

  • 18 Sorbonne, la

       One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1257. The Sorbonne is, historically, the University of Paris. Following the breaking up of the huge university of Paris in 1970, into thirteen smaller (but still large) universities, the word "Sorbonne" was kept in the name of four of the new establishments, and specifically in the university now known as "Université deParis IV - Sorbonne". This is the top-ranking Paris university for the fields of arts and social sciences. The three other "Sorbonne" universities are Paris IIISorbonne nouvelle (arts and social sicences), Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (Law, economics and human sciences), and Université de Paris V - Descartes, Sorbonne (Medecine, maths, law and social sciences). These four universities share the historic Latin quarter university buildings, but also have campuses, teaching-blocks, libraries and research facilities throughout Paris and the inner suburbs. See higher education in France.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Sorbonne, la

  • 19 a diferencia de

    unlike
    * * *
    in contrast to, unlike
    * * *
    = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with)
    Ex. Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.
    Ex. This command types the information immediately at the user's terminal, as opposed to the PRINT command generating offline prints which are subsequently mailed to the user.
    Ex. The intent is to create a mechanism which recognizes the needs of the reader, in contradistinction to simplifying clerical procedures within the cataloging department.
    Ex. An art original is the original two- or three-dimensional work of art (other than an art print or a photograph) created by the artist, eg., a painting, drawing, or sculpture, as contrasted with a reproduction of it.
    Ex. The overall plan of the library is to provide an atmosphere of spaciousness and calm, in contrast to the urban bustle outside = El proyecto general de la biblioteca es ofrecer un ambiente de amplitud y calma, en contraste con el bullicio urbano exterior.
    Ex. Quite apart from a completely new vocabulary, the whole mystique of computers is still a source of bewilderment.
    Ex. The archives of mediaeval universities are sparse and fragmented, in sharp contrast with the fact that these institutions were among the most regulated, structured and stable of their time.
    * * *
    = apart from, as opposed to, in contradistinction to, as contrasted with, in contrast (to/with), quite apart from, in sharp contrast (with)

    Ex: Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.

    Ex: This command types the information immediately at the user's terminal, as opposed to the PRINT command generating offline prints which are subsequently mailed to the user.
    Ex: The intent is to create a mechanism which recognizes the needs of the reader, in contradistinction to simplifying clerical procedures within the cataloging department.
    Ex: An art original is the original two- or three-dimensional work of art (other than an art print or a photograph) created by the artist, eg., a painting, drawing, or sculpture, as contrasted with a reproduction of it.
    Ex: The overall plan of the library is to provide an atmosphere of spaciousness and calm, in contrast to the urban bustle outside = El proyecto general de la biblioteca es ofrecer un ambiente de amplitud y calma, en contraste con el bullicio urbano exterior.
    Ex: Quite apart from a completely new vocabulary, the whole mystique of computers is still a source of bewilderment.
    Ex: The archives of mediaeval universities are sparse and fragmented, in sharp contrast with the fact that these institutions were among the most regulated, structured and stable of their time.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a diferencia de

  • 20 agencia gubernamental

    f.
    government agency, bureau, public agency.
    * * *
    (n.) = government agency, government bureau
    Ex. Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.
    Ex. All human institutions begin this way, including government bureaus, businesses, religions and religious denominations, universities, and schools of information science.
    * * *
    (n.) = government agency, government bureau

    Ex: Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.

    Ex: All human institutions begin this way, including government bureaus, businesses, religions and religious denominations, universities, and schools of information science.

    Spanish-English dictionary > agencia gubernamental

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